Male factors:
- Decreased production of spermatozoa
- Varicocele
- Testicular failure
- Endocrine disorders
- Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)
- Stress, smoking, caffeine, nicotine, recreational drugs
- Ductal obstruction (epididymal or congenital absence of vas deferens)
- Ejaculatory duct obstruction (after infection or vasectomy)
- Inability to deliver sperm into vagina due to ejaculatory disturbances or hypospadias
Female factors:
- Tubal factors (pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis isthmica nodosum, endometriosis, prior surgery)
- Uterine abnormalities (congenital malformations, fibroids, uterine scarring)
- Ovulatory dysfunction (polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], diminished ovarian reserve, premature ovarian insufficiency)
- Endocrine dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia)
- Problems with cervical mucus
- Unexplained factors
Other possible causes of infertility:
- Medications such as steroids and medicines used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, or depression
- Genetic factors affecting sperm production and movement
- Antibodies attacking sperm
- Infections in the male reproductive system
- Lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and using illegal drugs
- Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)
Prevention tips for both men and women:
- Avoid excessive alcohol intake and certain drugs that may contribute to infertility.
- Avoid exposure to high temperatures that can make sperm inactive. This includes avoiding hot tubs and steam baths.
Tips for increasing fertility in men:
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle including a healthy weight.
- Do not drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or use illegal drugs.
- Manage stress and find ways to relax.
- Avoid overheating the testicles, such as by wearing loose-fitting underwear instead of tight ones and avoiding hot tubs.
Tips for increasing fertility in women:
- Maintain a healthy weight and exercise moderately.
- Avoid smoking and limit caffeine intake.
- Review medications with your doctor that may affect fertility.
- Consider following a "fertility diet" which includes eating more plant protein, whole grains, and full-fat dairy foods.
- Discuss fertility preservation options before undergoing cancer treatment.
